Research Topic task started on Wed Mar 18, 2009 at 9:34 AM 

11 Research Topic candidates were identified in CAPLUS and MEDLINE. 
 
using the phrase "analysis of cosmetics for lead" 

Selected 2 of 11 candidate topics. 

120 references were found containing all of the concepts "analysis", "cosmetics" and "lead" closely associated with one another. 

434 references were found where all of the concepts "analysis", "cosmetics" and "lead" were present anywhere in the reference. 

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272 references were found when refined by Language "English" 

Refine by Document Type started 

259 references were found when refined by Document Type "Journal" 

Copyrights: 

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CHEMLIST, CHEMCATS: Copyright Ó 2009 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. 

 Bibliographic Information

 Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in Japanese hormesis cosmetics.      Furuta, E.; Nakahara, H.; Hatsukawa, Y.; Matsue, H.; Sakane, H.    Ochanomizu University,  2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,  Japan.    Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry  (2008),  278(3),  553-557.  Publisher: Springer,  CODEN: JRNCDM  ISSN: 0236-5731.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 150:175742    AN 2008:1442534    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

In Japan, cosmetics claiming hormesis effect are available through Internet.  Although these cosmetics show the contents, they never mention the minor elements and radioactive sources.  The existence of radioisotopes, however, was obsd. by measurements of the gamma-rays with a HPGe detector.  In this study, to clarify the contents of trace elements, the hormesis cosmetics including radioactive sources were analyzed using INAA, PGAA, and NAA with multiple gamma-ray detection (NAAMG).  Nineteen elements were analyzed quant. in hormesis cosmetics by INAA, PGAA, and NAAMG and 16 elements were detected qual. by SEM-EPMA.

 Bibliographic Information

 Simultaneous determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products.      Lee, So-Mi; Jeong, Hye-Jin; Chang, Ih Seop.    R+D Center,  Amore Pacific Corporation,  314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do,  S. Korea.    Journal of Cosmetic Science  (2008),  59(5),  441-448.  Publisher: Society of Cosmetic Chemists,  CODEN: JCSCFC  ISSN: 1525-7886.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 149:540896    AN 2008:1321677    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

An extremely small amt. of several heavy metals have been detected in cosmetic products as impurities, which can cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption on the skin.  We present here a fast, accurate, and highly sensitive method for simultaneous detn. of Pb2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ in coloring agents and cosmetic products, to be evaluated by ion chromatog.  All of these metals are well sepd. through a bifunctional ion-exchange column (IonPac CS5A) and detected by post-column reaction and spectrophotometric detection.  The calibration graphs are linear (r2 > 0.999), in the range 0.1-1000 mg/mL.  Detection limits for a 200-ml sample soln. are at the mg/l level, which is sufficient for judging whether the product is safe or not.  The relative std. deviations (RSDs) of the retention time and the peak area are less than 0.21% and 1.24%, resp.  The recovery rates are 97-104%.  The result shows that the proposed detn. method is more sensitive, more accurate, and faster than current methods such as HPLC, ICP-MS and Flame-AAS.  The new method was applied to analyze the amt. of heavy metals contained in 22 cosmetic products and 11 coloring agents.

 Bibliographic Information

 A study of the chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls" used in Qatar and Yemen.      Hardy, Andrew D.; Farrant, Alexander J.; Rollinson, Gavyn; Barss, Peter; Vaishnav, Ragini.    Centre for Medical History, School of Humanities and Social Sciences,  University of Exeter,  Exeter, Devon,  UK.    Journal of Cosmetic Science  (2008),  59(5),  399-418.  Publisher: Society of Cosmetic Chemists,  CODEN: JCSCFC  ISSN: 1525-7886.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 149:540895    AN 2008:1321675    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

This study looks at the chem. compn. of traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") used in Qatar and Yemen.  Of especial interest was how many samples in each country contain the toxic element lead.  In Qatar 19 observably different kohl samples were obtained, and in Yemen ten such samples obtained.  The anal. techniques of SEM and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to study the samples.  For the samples from Qatar, six of the 19 (32%) contained galena (lead sulfide, PbS)-all as the main component.  However, for the samples from Yemen, five of the ten (50%) samples contained galena as the main component, with another three having it present as a minor component.  Overall, the other main components were found to be: amorphous carbon (3), iron oxides (hematite, Fe2O3; and goethite, FeO(OH)) (1), quartz (SiO2) (1), sassolite (H3BO3) (5), talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (1), and zincite (ZnO) (7).

 Bibliographic Information

 Analysis of ancient Greco-Roman cosmetic materials using laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.      Elslande, Elsa; Guerineau, Vincent; Thirioux, Vincent; Richard, Ghislaine; Richardin, Pascale; Laprevote, Olivier; Hussler, Georges; Walter, Philippe.    Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France (C2RMF),  CNRS UMR 171,  Paris,  Fr.    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry  (2008),  390(7),  1873-1879.  Publisher: Springer,  CODEN: ABCNBP  ISSN: 1618-2642.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 148:516919    AN 2008:351826    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Microsamples of pink cosmetic powders from the Greco-Roman period were analyzed using two complementary anal. approaches for identification of the coloring agents (lake pigments originally manufd. from madder plants with an inert binder, usually a metallic salt) present in the samples.  The first technique was a methanolic acidic extn. of the archaeol. samples with an addnl. Et acetate extn. of the anthraquinone-type coloring agents which were identified using high performance liq. chromatog. coupled to electrospray ionization with high resoln. mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS), and the second was direct anal. of a microsample by laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS).  The latter technique is well suited when the quantity of samples is very low.  This soft ionization technique enables the detection of very small quantities of compds. using the combination of pos. and neg.-ion modes.  It was also successfully applied for the direct anal. of some lab.-made ref. compds.  However, the presence of lead in one of these ancient samples induced a spectral suppression phenomenon.  In this case and conditional on a sufficient quantity of available sample, the former method is better adapted for the characterization of these anthraquinone-type mols.  This study also confirmed that purpurin, munjistin, and pseudopurpurin are the principal coloring agents present in these ancient cosmetic powders constituted from madder plants.

 Bibliographic Information

 Classification of lead white pigments using synchrotron radiation micro X-ray diffraction.      Welcomme, E.; Walter, P.; Bleuet, P.; Hodeau, J.-L.; Dooryhee, E.; Martinetto, P.; Menu, M.    CNRS UMR 171,  Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France,  Paris,  Fr.    Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing  (2007),  89(4),  825-832.  Publisher: Springer,  CODEN: APAMFC  ISSN: 0947-8396.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 148:191400    AN 2007:1187081    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Lead white pigment was used and synthesized for cosmetic and artistic purposes since the antiquity.  Ancient texts describe the various recipes, and prepn. processes as well as locations of prodn.  In this study, we describe the results achieved on several paint samples taken from Matthias Gruenewald's works.  Gruenewald, who was active between 1503 and 1524, was a major painter at the beginning of the German Renaissance.  Thanks to X-ray diffraction anal. using synchrotron radiation, it is possible to assoc. the compn. of the paint samples with the masters ancient recipes.  Different approaches were used, in reflection and transmission modes, directly on minute samples or on paint cross-sections embedded in resin.  Characterization of lead white pigments reveals variations in terms of compn., graininess and proportion of mineral phases.  The present work enlightens the presence of lead white as differentiable main compn. groups, which could be specific of a period, a know-how or a geog. origin.  In this way, we aim at understanding the choices and the trading of pigments used to realize paintings during northern European Renaissance.

 Bibliographic Information

 Determination of trace impurities in titanium dioxide by direct solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.      Docekal, Bohumil; Vojtkova, Blanka.    Institute of Analytical Chemistry,  Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,  Brno,  Czech Rep.    Spectrochimica Acta, Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy  (2007),  62B(3),  304-308.  Publisher: Elsevier B.V.,  CODEN: SAASBH  ISSN: 0584-8547.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 147:44571    AN 2007:497545    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A true direct solid sampling electrothermal at. absorption spectrometry method with Zeeman-effect background correction (Analytik Jena ZEEnit 60 AAS) was developed for the detn. of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn in powd. TiO2 of pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics grade.  The interaction of the Ti matrix and graphite surface of the sample carrier boat in a transversely heated graphite tube atomizer was studied.  Conversion of TiO2 to interfering TiO2-TiC-liq. phase, running out the sampling boat, was obsd. at temps. >2000°.  The temp. program was optimized accordingly for these volatile analytes in atomization and cleaning steps to prevent this interference and to prolong significantly the anal. lifetime of the boat to more than one thousand runs.  For all elements, calibration by aq. std. addn. method, by wet-chem. analyzed samples with different content of analytes and/or by dosing one sample in different amts., were proved as adequate quantification procedures.  Linear dynamic calibration working ranges can be considerably expanded up to two orders of magnitude within one measurement run by applying three-field dynamic mode of the Zeeman background correction system.  The results obtained by true direct solid sampling technique are compared with those of other independent, mostly wet-chem. methods.  Very low limits of detection (3s criterion) of true solid sampling technique of 21, 0.27, 24, 3.9, 6.3 and 0.9 ng g-1 were achieved for As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn, resp.

 Bibliographic Information

 Kinetics of oil saponification by lead salts in ancient preparations of pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead mediums.      Cotte, M.; Checroun, E.; Susini, J.; Dumas, P.; Tchoreloff, P.; Besnard, M.; Walter, Ph.    European Synchrotron Radiation Facility,  Grenoble,  Fr.    Talanta  (2006),  70(5),  1136-1142.  Publisher: Elsevier B.V.,  CODEN: TLNTA2  ISSN: 0039-9140.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 146:27177    AN 2006:1189834    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Lead soaps can be found in archaeol. cosmetics as well as in oil paintings, as product of interactions of lead salts with oil.  In this context, a better understanding of the formation of lead soaps allows a follow-up of the historical evolution of prepn. recipes and provides new insights into conservation conditions.  First, ancient recipes of both pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead media, mixts. of oil and lead salts, were reconstructed.  The ester sapon. by lead salts is detd. by the prepn. parameters which were quantified by FT-IR spectrometry.  In particular, ATR/FT-IR spectrometer was calibrated by the std. addn. method to quant. follow the kinetics of this reaction.  The influence of different parameters such as temp., presence of water and choice of lead salts was assessed: the sapon. is clearly accelerated by water and heating.  This anal. provides chem. explanations to the historical evolution of cosmetic and painting prepn. recipes.

 Bibliographic Information

 Availability and chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") used in the United Arab Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah.      Hardy, Andrew D.; Walton, Richard I.; Myers, Kathryn A.; Vaishnav, Ragini.    Centre for Medical History, School of Humanities and Social Sciences,  University of Exeter,  Devon,  UK.    Journal of Cosmetic Science  (2006),  57(2),  107-125.  Publisher: Society of Cosmetic Chemists,  CODEN: JCSCFC  ISSN: 1525-7886.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 145:425209    AN 2006:587937    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

This study was undertaken in order to det. the availability and chem. compn. of potentially lead-toxic traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") in six of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).  Thus of especial interest was the percentage of the purchased samples that contained the toxic element lead.  A total of 53 observably different kohl samples were found to be available overall in the six emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah.  It was found that 19 of these samples were previously analyzed in studies covering Oman, Abu Dhabi (city), and Egypt (Cairo).  The techniques of x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and SEM were used to analyze the remaining 34 samples.  Overall, for the 53 kohl samples, it was found that 20 (38%) contained a lead compd. (galena, PbS) as the main component.  The other main components were found to be one of the following: amorphous carbon, calcite/aragonite (CaCO3), goethite (FeO(OH)), hematite (Fe2O3), sassolite (H3BO3), talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), or zincite (ZnO).

 Bibliographic Information

 Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria.      Nnorom, I. C.; Igwe, J. C.; Oji-Nnorom, C. G.    Department of Industrial Chemistry,  Abia State University,  Uturu,  Nigeria.    African Journal of Biotechnology - ONLINE  (2005),  4(10),  1133-1138.  Publisher: Academic Journals,  CODEN: AJBFAH  ISSN: 1684-5315.  http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/Pdf2005/Oct/Nnorom%20et%20al%203.pdf  Journal; Online Computer File  written in English.    CAN 144:494813    AN 2005:1215158    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Several facial cosmetics available in Nigeria were analyzed for their contents of the heavy metals; lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc and iron.  The levels of chromium, iron and zinc were much higher in the samples than those of the non-essential toxic metals; lead, cadmium and nickel.  The range of the geometric av. for the various cosmetics is: Fe, 97-256 mg/g; Ni, 8-13 mg/g; Pb, 87-123 mg/g; and Zn, 88-101 mg/g.  The geometric mean values obtained for Cr and Cd were generally below 40 mg/g and about 1 mg/g, resp.  Our result indicates that these cosmetics are relatively safer to use when compared to the lead-based kwali eye make-up commonly available in Nigeria.  These data indicate that the continuous use of these cosmetics could result in an increase in the trace metal levels in the ocular system and the human body beyond acceptable limits.  The application of these cosmetics needs to be considered as a source of lead in evaluating patients with symptoms of lead intoxication in regions where this practice is common.

 Bibliographic Information

 New insight on ancient cosmetic preparation by synchrotron-based infrared microscopy.      Cotte, M.; Dumas, P.; Richard, G.; Breniaux, R.; Walter, Ph.    Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France (C2RMF),  UMR 171 CNRS,  Paris,  Fr.    Analytica Chimica Acta  (2005),  553(1-2),  105-110.  Publisher: Elsevier B.V.,  CODEN: ACACAM  ISSN: 0003-2670.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 143:421799    AN 2005:1165684    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Synchrotron IR micro-spectroscopy is appropriately suited to the anal. of small particles of archaeol. cosmetics.  The sample originates from a 33 centuries old Egyptian cosmetic remain.  Thanks to the high spectral quality and high lateral resoln. achieved by this synchrotron-based microspectroscopic tool, new insights into the compn. and spatial location of both org. and mineral components of the sample were obtained.  Five different particles were analyzed and delivered similar findings: the core is fat rich, and surrounded with a mineral phase.  In two particles, lead palmitate was clearly identified as a major component.  Phosgenite (Pb2CO3Cl2), a lead salt synthesized in aq. soln., was also located in region near the surface of the particles.

 Bibliographic Information

 Analysis of samples of cosmetic emulsions from a market in Ibadan, Nigeria.      Oyedeji, F. O.; Oderinde, R. A.    Chemistry Department,  University of Ibadan,  Ibadan,  Nigeria.    International Journal of Chemistry  (2005),  15(1),  35-41.  Publisher: Institute of Science & Technology,  CODEN: INJCEW  Journal  written in English.    CAN 143:352808    AN 2005:549113    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Seventeen samples of cosmetic emulsions for skin care were obtained by randomly buying samples from Bodija open market in Ibadan, Nigeria.  The samples were analyzed comparatively for the following parameters: emulsion type, pH, cond., water content, total volatile, total non volatile matter, acid value, ester value, and sapon. value.  Levels of heavy metals like lead and iron were also detd.  The results obtained indicate that the samples were mostly oil in water emulsion type.  Conductivities of samples ranged from 0.2 mscm-1 to 46 mscm-1 with pH mostly close to neutral range (6.0 - 7.8) and having large quantity of water incorporated during emulsion formation.  The low sapon. values (0.16 - 18.12 mgKOH/g) of the samples pointed to the fact that the samples were mostly paraffin based and most likely consisted of paraffin oil, paraffin wax, petroleum jelly, and beeswax that do not easily saponify.  The samples also had low fatty acids and ester values (0.16 - 4.80 mg KOH/g and 0.00 - 13.32 mgKOH/g resp.) indicating the lack of use of animal or vegetable oils.  Iron levels in the emulsion ranged from 0.1 ppm - 4.3 ppm, showing that most of the companies did not use deionized water.  Only 1 sample contained lead at a level of 0.1 ppm showing that the hydrocarbons used in the formulation of the emulsions and the water used were relatively unpolluted.  The general indications are that the cosmetic emulsions though stable will not be of much use for proper therapeutic treatment of dry skin conditions, but may be useful for temporary relieve of skin dryness.

 Bibliographic Information

 Spectrophotometric analysis of Cisplatin injection and lead containing cosmetics using 2-acetylpyridine-4-phenyl-3- thiosemicarbazone as complexing reagent.      Arain, G. Murtaza; Laghari, Abdul Jabbar; Khuhawar, M. Y.    Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry,  University of Sindh,  Jamshoro,  Pak.    Pakistan Journal of Analytical Chemistry  (2003),  4(1),  8-10.  Publisher: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry,  CODEN: PJACBX  ISSN: 1680-9955.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 141:59851    AN 2004:522052    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

The reaction of reagent 2-acetylpyridine-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (APPT) was examd. towards platinum (II), gold (III), vanadium (V), ruthenium (IV), tellurium (VI), arsenic (III) and lead (II) spectrophotometrically.  The reactions were carried out in slightly acidic to neutral media and indicated molar absorptivity in range 9.6´102 to 2.2´104 L. mole-1 cm-1 between 370 to 435 nm.  Each of the complex obeyed the Beer's Law.  The method was used for anal. of anticancer drug cisplatin and cosmetic (Surma) for the contents of platinum (II) and lead (II) resp.

 Bibliographic Information

 Determination of the toxic lead level in cosmetic-hair dye formulations using a screen-printed silver electrode.      Shih, Ying; Zen, Jyh-Myng; Kumar, Annamalai Senthil; Lee, Yi-Chien; Huang, Hui-Rou.    Department of Applied Cosmetology,  Hung-Kuang University,  Taichung,  Taiwan.    Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan  (2004),  77(2),  311-312.  Publisher: Chemical Society of Japan,  CODEN: BCSJA8  ISSN: 0009-2673.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 140:326588    AN 2004:156753    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A disposable-type screen-printed non-single crystal silver electrode (AgSPE) surface has been demonstrated for the sensitive and selective quantification of lead in cosmetic hair-dye formulations using its underpotential deposition (UPD-Pb) process.

 Bibliographic Information

 Simultaneous Determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in Citrus Essential Oils by Derivative Potentiometric Stripping Analysis.      La Pera, Lara; Saitta, Marcello; Di Bella, Giuseppa; Dugo, Giacomo.    Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica,  University of Messina,  Messina,  Italy.    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry  (2003),  51(5),  1125-1129.  Publisher: American Chemical Society,  CODEN: JAFCAU  ISSN: 0021-8561.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 138:237065    AN 2003:49667    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Citrus essential oils are widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, so the detn. of heavy metals content is of great importance to guarantee their quality.  The present work deals with the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in different varieties of citrus essential oils, using deriv. potentiometric stripping anal.  Two different metals extn. procedures, involving concd. HCl treatment and acid-alc. dissoln., are tested on lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, and bergamot essential oils, and they give very similar results.  Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) recovery tests spanned from 95 to 100.50%, providing evidence that metals quantification remained unaffected by the cleanup steps of the 2 procedures.  The repeatability of the HCl extn. method, applied on different varieties of essential oils, is >95.00% for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II), whereas the repeatability of the acid-alc. dissoln. method is >93.00% for Cu and Cd only in lemon oil.  Detection limits obtained for the 4 analytes, using both procedures, ranged from 0.10 to 0.98 ng/g in lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, and bergamot essential oils.

 Bibliographic Information

 Determination of lead and cadmium in titanium dioxide by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.      Panigati, Monica; Piccone, Maria; D'Alfonso, Giuseppe; Orioli, Marica; Carini, Marina.    Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica,  University of Milan,  Milan,  Italy.    Talanta  (2002),  58(3),  481-488.  Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.,  CODEN: TLNTA2  ISSN: 0039-9140.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 137:345228    AN 2002:705746    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A procedure for the simultaneous detn. of lead and Cd in TiO2 by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was developed.  The key feature of the method is the use of triethanolamine (TEA) to remove Ti interference: TiO2 undergoes acidic digestion with HF/H2SO4 at atm. pressure, TEA is added to the HCl soln. of the residue and the soln. is analyzed using a std. ASV instrumentation, equipped with a hanging Hg drop electrode.  The calibration curves for both lead and Cd are linear up to 50 mg L-1 of soln., and the detection limits are 1 mg L-1, corresponding to 1 mg g-1 of TiO2.  Method reliability was tested by comparing the results with those given by electrothermal at. absorption spectroscopy.  The method was successfully applied for detn. of both contaminants in powd. TiO2 (raw materials) and in TiO2-contg. cosmetics (sunscreen products).

 Bibliographic Information

 A study of the composition of some eye cosmetics (kohls) used in the United Arab Emirates.      Hardy, A. D.; Sutherland, H. H.; Vaishnav, R.    ITMS Section,  Zayed University,  Abu Dhabi campus,  United Arab Emirates.    Journal of Ethnopharmacology  (2002),  80(2-3),  137-145.  Publisher: Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.,  CODEN: JOETD7  ISSN: 0378-8741.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 137:252651    AN 2002:339342    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A total of 23 kohl samples was analyzed using x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and SEM.  Nineteen samples were obtained in Abu Dhabi and 4 in Dubai.  None of the samples were made in the United Arab Emirates.  The main component of 11 samples was found to be galena (PbS).  For the remaining 12 samples, the main component was found to be 1 of the following: amorphous carbon, zincite (ZnO), sassolite (H3BO3) or calcite/aragonite (CaCO3).

 Bibliographic Information

 Simultaneous determination of retinal, retinol and retinoic acid (all-trans and 13-cis) in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals at electrodeposited metal electrodes.      Wang, L.-H.    Department of Applied Chemistry,  China Nan University of Pharmacy and Science,  Tainan,  Taiwan.    Analytica Chimica Acta  (2000),  415(1-2),  193-200.  Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.,  CODEN: ACACAM  ISSN: 0003-2670.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 133:9178    AN 2000:320982    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

The electrochem. behaviors of retinoids on glassy carbon and electrodeposited metal electrodes were investigated in various aq. or nonaq. contg. supporting electrolytes, resp.  Retinal, retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA ) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) were sepd. at the thin-film lead-deposited glassy carbon electrode in 0.1M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide.  The electroredn. process was applied for the simultaneous quant. detn. of retinoids in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.  Comparison with results obtained by HPLC showed good agreement.

 Bibliographic Information

 A simple closed-vessel nitric acid digestion method for cosmetic samples.      Besecker, Kerry D.; Rhoades, Charles B.; Jones, Bradley T.; Barnes, Karen W.    Department of Chemistry,  Wake Forest University,  Winston-Salem,  NC,  USA.    Atomic Spectroscopy  (1998),  19(2),  48-54.  Publisher: Perkin-Elmer Corp.,  CODEN: ASPND7  ISSN: 0195-5373.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 129:45091    AN 1998:313416    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A simple, closed-vessel microwave digestion method has been developed for cosmetic samples.  A 0.15-g sample of lipstick, face powder, or foundation was digested in 3 mL of nitric acid in a high pressure (75 bar) closed-vessel digestion bomb.  The digestate was filtered to remove any silicate residue, and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).  Twenty-seven elements were detd. in the three sample types.  The detection limits were in the low parts-per-billion range, and precision was better than 5% relative std. deviation for most metals.  The accuracy of the method was detd. by performing spike recoveries for seven test elements.  Recoveries were in the 95-105% range for all elements.  A std. ref. material (estuarine sediment), having a digestion residue similar to that obsd. for the cosmetics, gave percent recoveries in the 95-110% range.  The digestion residues were analyzed by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry.  The digestion technique eliminated the need for the harsh acid mixts. (including H2SO4 and HF) that are routinely used for cosmetic samples.

 Bibliographic Information

 On the heavy metals content in cosmetic formulations: an atomic absorption spectroscopy investigation.      Conti, Marcelo E.; Botre, Francesco; Mazzei, Franco.    Ist. Merceologia,  Univ. "La Sapienza",  Rome,  Italy.    Journal of Applied Cosmetology  (1996),  14(4),  147-154.  Publisher: International Ediemme,  CODEN: JACOEL  ISSN: 0392-8543.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 126:255263    AN 1997:208271    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

The levels of Pb, Cd, Hg and Cr were measured by at. absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in 18 cosmetic formulations (8 body creams, 3 from herbal shops; 6 hands creams; 2 intimate hygiene soaps; 1 face cream; 1 foam bath soap), periodically sampled over 10 mo.  The levels of heavy metals in the great majority of samples were extremely low and in some instances below the detection limits of AAS.  Levels of Hg were below the detection limit of the AAS technique in all samples; mean levels of Pb, Cd, and Cr never exceeded 0.184, 0.035, and 0.270 ppm, resp.  However, since the frequency of administration of cosmetic products is very high and it is generally protracted for prolonged periods of time, the toxicol. significance of the results should be further evaluated.

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 Lead exposure in Saudi Arabia from the use of traditional cosmetics and medical remedies.      Al-Saleh, Iman A.; Coate, Laura.    Biological and Medical Research Department,  King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre,  Riyadh,  Saudi Arabia.    Environmental Geochemistry and Health  (1995),  17(1),  29-31.  Publisher: Chapman & Hall,  CODEN: EGHEE3  ISSN: 0269-4042.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 123:91878    AN 1995:688757    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Twenty Henna samples were collected and analyzed for lead by electrothermal at. absorption spectrophotometry after a microwave acid digestion procedure.  The mean lead concn. was 5.50 mg/g, with a range from 1.29 mg g-1 to 16.48 mg/g.  The data did not show a high concn. of lead in these samples.  However, if the popular use of henna will be taken into account, the cumulative effects of prolonged exposure to low lead concns., esp. in children, cannot be ruled out.

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 Chemico-physical and functional properties of inorganic sunscreens in cosmetic products.      Semenzato, A.; Dall'Aglio, C.; Boscarini, G. M.; Ongaro, A.; Bettero, A.; Sangalli, M. E.; Brunetta, F.    Centro di Cosmetologia Chimica,  Universita di Padova,  Padova,  Italy.    International Journal of Cosmetic Science  (1994),  16(6),  247-55.  CODEN: IJCMDW  ISSN: 0142-5463.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 122:169647    AN 1995:391098    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

This paper reports preliminary results of a study carried out on liq. crystal emulsions added to three different inorg. sunscreens: ultrafine zinc oxide, ultrafine titanium dioxide (inorg.-treated) and ultrafine titanium dioxide (org.-treated hydrophobically).  The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of chemico-phys. properties of inorg. sunscreens on the microstructure of cosmetic emulsions.  The study was carried out using three different techniques: rheol. measurements performed in dynamic conditions, to study the homogeneity of samples and their structural features; dispersion of powders in emulsions by optical microscopy and SEM/EDX anal.; and functionality of emulsions by UV spectroscopy, with adhesive tape as substrate.  Results show that the different chemico-phys. properties of the micropigments lead to different interactions with emulsion components; these interactions may affect the functionality and microstructure of the whole system, with loss of stability.

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 Determination of lead, arsenic and mercury in cosmetic formulations at modified electrodes.      Wang, Lai-Hao; Tien, Hsien-Ju.    Department of Applied Chemistry,  Chia Nan Junior College of Pharmacy,  Tainan,  Taiwan.    International Journal of Cosmetic Science  (1994),  16(1),  29-38.  CODEN: IJCMDW  ISSN: 0142-5463.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 121:186761    AN 1994:586761    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

Lead, arsenic and mercury in cosmetic formulations digested with HNO3 + HF (10:3) or HNO3-H2SO4 (5:1) in a microwave oven were detd., resp., by the thin mercury film electrode, gold electrode and thin gold film electrode in sodium acetate buffer, in 6M HNO3 and 0.1M HClO4 soln.  Comparison with results obtained from at. absorption spectrophotometric anal. (AAS) showed good agreement.  The detection limits were 0.38 ppb (mgl-1), 0.66 ppb and 0.04 ppb for lead, arsenic and mercury, resp., using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry.  The detection limits for lead, arsenic and mercury were 0.53 ppb, 1.24 ppb and 0.40 ppb, resp., using AAS.  The 2 methods proposed were applicable to the detn. of concns. at ppb levels of com. cosmetic formulations.

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 Lead levels in some eye cosmetics used in Bahrain.      Madany, Ismail M.; Akhter, M. Salim.    Arabian Gulf Univ.,  Bahrain.    Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A:  Environmental Science and Engineering  (1992),  A27(6),  1541-7.  CODEN: JESEDU  ISSN: 0360-1226.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 117:118196    AN 1992:518196    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

This paper presents an anal. of lead in some surma, khol and other eye cosmetics used mainly for young children in Bahrain.  The concn. of lead ranged from 0.07 to 156 mg/g and averaged 18.5 mg/g.  Grey samples were found to have higher lead levels than black ones.  Although these concns. were significantly lower than those reported in the literature, they are nevertheless hazardous and should be taken seriously by health authorities.  These findings and recommendations are reported to prevent further poisoning of children through the use of these products.

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 Trace metal content in aspirin and women's cosmetics via proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE).      Hichwa, B. P.; Pun, D. D.; Wang, D.    Hope Coll.,  Holland,  MI,  USA.    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science  (1981),  NS28(2),  1410-12.  CODEN: IETNAE  ISSN: 0018-9499.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 94:214526    AN 1981:214526    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

A multielemental anal. to det. the trace metal content of generic and name-brand aspirin (I)  [50-78-2] and name-brand lipsticks was done via PIXE measurements.  The Hope College PIXE system is described as well as the target prepn. methods.  The trace metal content of 12 brands of I and I substitutes and 14 brands of lipstick are reported.  Detection limits for most elements are in the range of 100 ppb to 10 ppm.  

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 Fast analysis of trace amounts of lead in cosmetics by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.      Okamoto, Masao; Kanda, Masao; Matsumoto, Isao; Miya, Yoichi.    Shiseido Lab.,  Tokyo,  Japan.    Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists  (1971),  22(9),  589-98.  CODEN: JSCCA5  ISSN: 0037-9832.  Journal  written in English.    CAN 75:101177    AN 1971:501177    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

Abstract

At. absorption spectrophotometry was utilized to det. Pb in cosmetics.  The 2833 .ANG. line, rather than the 2170 .ANG. line, was chosen because of higher signal intensity.  The method is faster and simpler than the dithizone procedure.

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 Determination of lead, arsenic and mercury in cosmetic formulations at modified electrodes.     Wang L H; Tien H J    Department of Applied Chemistry, Chia Nan Junior College of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan, 71710 Republic of China      International journal of cosmetic science  (1994),  16(1),  29-38.  Journal code: 8007161.  ISSN:0142-5463.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 19250502 AN 2009176238    In-process for MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Synopsis Lead, arsenic and mercury in cosmetic formulations digested with HNO(3)+ HF (10:3) or HNO(3)+ H(2)SO(4) (5:1) in a microwave oven were determined, respectively, by the thin mercury film electrode, gold electrode and thin gold film electrode in sodium acetate buffer, in 6 m HNO(3) and 0.1 m HCIO(4) solution.  Comparison with results obtained from atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis (AAS) showed good agreement.  The detection limits were 0.38 ppb (mugl(-1)), 0.66ppb and 0.04ppb for lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively, using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry.  The detection limits for lead, arsenic and mercury were 0.53 ppb, 1.24ppb and 0.40ppb, respectively, using AAS.  The two methods proposed were applicable to the determination of concentrations at ppb levels of commercial cosmetic formulations.

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 Kinetics of oil saponification by lead salts in ancient preparations of pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead mediums.     Cotte M; Checroun E; Susini J; Dumas P; Tchoreloff P; Besnard M; Walter Ph    European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France      Talanta  (2006),  70(5),  1136-42.  Journal code: 2984816R.  E-ISSN:1873-3573.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 18970891 AN 2008705855    In-process for MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Lead soaps can be found in archaeological cosmetics as well as in oil paintings, as product of interactions of lead salts with oil.  In this context, a better understanding of the formation of lead soaps allows a follow-up of the historical evolution of preparation recipes and provides new insights into conservation conditions.  First, ancient recipes of both pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead mediums, mixtures of oil and lead salts, were reconstructed.  The ester saponification by lead salts is determined by the preparation parameters which were quantified by FT-IR spectrometry.  In particular, ATR/FT-IR spectrometer was calibrated by the standard addition method to quantitatively follow the kinetics of this reaction.  The influence of different parameters such as temperature, presence of water and choice of lead salts was assessed: the saponification is clearly accelerated by water and heating.  This analysis provides chemical explanations to the historical evolution of cosmetic and painting preparation recipes.

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 Determination of lead and cadmium in titanium dioxide by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.     Panigati Monica; Piccone Maria; D'Alfonso Giuseppe; Orioli Marica; Carini Marina    Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy      Talanta  (2002),  58(3),  481-8.  Journal code: 2984816R.  E-ISSN:1873-3573.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 18968775 AN 2008703869    In-process for MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

A procedure for the simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium in TiO(2) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) has been developed.  The key feature of the method is the use of triethanolamine (TEA) to remove titanium interference: TiO(2) undergoes acidic digestion with HF/H(2)SO(4) at atmospheric pressure, TEA is added to the HCl solution of the residue and the solution is analysed using a standard ASV instrumentation, equipped with a hanging mercury drop electrode.  The calibration curves for both lead and cadmium are linear up to 50 mugl(-1) of solution, and the detection limits are 1 mugl(-1), corresponding to 1 mugg(-1) of TiO(2).  Method reliability was tested by comparing the results with those given by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.  The method has been successfully applied for determination of both contaminants in powdered titanium dioxide (raw materials) and in titanium dioxide-containing cosmetics (sunscreen products).

 Bibliographic Information

 Analysis of ancient Greco-Roman cosmetic materials using laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.     Van Elslande Elsa; Guerineau Vincent; Thirioux Vincent; Richard Ghislaine; Richardin Pascale; Laprevote Olivier; Hussler Georges; Walter Philippe    Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France (C2RMF), CNRS UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14, quai Francois Mitterrand, 75001, Paris, France.  elsa.van-elslande@culture.gouv.fr    Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry  (2008),  390(7),  1873-9.  Journal code: 101134327.  E-ISSN:1618-2650.  (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T)  written in English.    PubMed ID 18320177 AN 2008193117    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Microsamples of pink cosmetic powders from the Greco-Roman period were analyzed using two complementary analytical approaches for identification of the colouring agents (lake pigments originally manufactured from madder plants with an inert binder, usually a metallic salt) present in the samples.  The first technique was a methanolic acidic extraction of the archaeological samples with an additional ethyl acetate extraction of the anthraquinone-type colouring agents which were identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS), and the second was direct analysis of a microsample by laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS).  The latter technique is well suited when the quantity of samples is very low.  This soft ionization technique enables the detection of very small quantities of compounds using the combination of positive and negative-ion modes.  It was also successfully applied for the direct analysis of some laboratory-made reference compounds.  However, the presence of lead in one of these ancient samples induced a spectral suppression phenomenon.  In this case and conditional on a sufficient quantity of available sample, the former method is better adapted for the characterization of these anthraquinone-type molecules.  This study also confirmed that purpurin, munjistin, and pseudopurpurin are the principal colouring agents present in these ancient cosmetic powders constituted from madder plants.

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 Early use of PbS nanotechnology for an ancient hair dyeing formula.     Walter Philippe; Welcomme Eleonore; Hallegot Philippe; Zaluzec Nestor J; Deeb Christopher; Castaing Jacques; Veyssiere Patrick; Breniaux Rene; Leveque Jean-Luc; Tsoucaris Georges    Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musees de France CNRS UMR171,14 quai Francois Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.  philippe.walter@culture.gouv.fr    Nano letters  (2006),  6(10),  2215-9.  Journal code: 101088070.  ISSN:1530-6984.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.)  written in English.    PubMed ID 17034086 AN 2006625618    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Lead-based chemistry was initiated in ancient Egypt for cosmetic preparation more than 4000 years ago.  Here, we study a hair-dyeing recipe using lead salts described in text since Greco-Roman times.  We report direct evidence about the shape and distribution of PbS nanocrystals that form within the hair during blackening.  It is remarkable that the composition and supramolecular organization of keratins can control PbS nanocrystal growth inside a hair.

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 Availability and chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") used in the United Arab Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah.     Hardy Andrew D; Walton Richard I; Myers Kathryn A; Vaishnav Ragini    Centre for Medical History, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, UK      Journal of cosmetic science  (2006),  57(2),  107-25.  Journal code: 9814276.  ISSN:1525-7886.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 16688375 AN 2006262951    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

This study was undertaken in order to determine the availability and chemical composition of potentially lead-toxic traditional eye cosmetics ("kohls") in six of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).  Thus of especial interest was the percentage of the purchased samples that contained the toxic element lead.  A total of 53 observably different kohl samples were found to be available overall in the six emirates: Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah.  It was found that 19 of these samples had been previously analyzed by us in studies covering Oman, Abu Dhabi (city), and Egypt (Cairo).  The techniques of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the remaining 34 samples.  Overall, for the 53 kohl samples, it was found that 20 (38%) contained a lead compound (galena, PbS) as the main component.  The other main components were found to be one of the following: amorphous carbon, calcite/aragonite (CaCO3), goethite (FeO(OH)), hematite (Fe2O3), sassolite (H3BO3), talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), or zincite (ZnO).

 Bibliographic Information

 Kohl (surma): a toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia.     Al-Ashban R M; Aslam M; Shah A H    The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK      Public health  (2004),  118(4),  292-8.  Journal code: 0376507.  ISSN:0033-3506.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 15121438 AN 2004224038    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

The use of kohl (surma) as eyeliner is a popular practice in Saudi Arabia and people firmly believe that it is safe to use.  A total of 107 kohl samples (branded and unbranded) were collected from different regions of Saudi Arabia, and analysed for the presence of lead.  In addition, aluminium and antimony levels were also determined.  Lead levels up to 53% were detected in some kohl preparations, and some samples were found to contain camphor and menthol.  The blood analyses of regular kohl users revealed a high lead concentration and relatively low haemoglobin levels.  Due to the health risk, an official public awareness campaign is suggested to encourage the use of lead-free kohl.

 Bibliographic Information

 Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Cairo.     Hardy Andrew; Walton Richard; Vaishnav Ragini    ITMS Section, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi campus, United Arab Emirates.  A.D.Hardy@exeter.ac.uk    International journal of environmental health research  (2004),  14(1),  83-91.  Journal code: 9106628.  ISSN:0960-3123.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 14660121 AN 2003579692    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

A total of 18 kohl samples were analysed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).  All the samples were purchased in Cairo and eleven of them originated in Egypt.  The main component of six samples was found to be galena (PbS); where four of these samples originated in Egypt and two in India.  For a further ten samples the main component was found to be one of the following: amorphous carbon, calcite (CaCO(3)), cuprite (Cu(2)O), goethite (FeO(OH)), elemental silicon or talc (Mg(3)Si(4)O(10)(OH)(2)).  For the last two samples the main component of each was an unknown amorphous organic compound.

 Bibliographic Information

 Analysis of lead content in herbal preparations in Malaysia.     Ang H H; Lee E L; Matsumoto K    School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.  hhang@usm.my    Human & experimental toxicology  (2003),  22(8),  445-51.  Journal code: 9004560.  ISSN:0960-3271.  (COMPARATIVE STUDY); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T)  written in English.    PubMed ID 12948085 AN 2003408767    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

In Malaysia, the phase 3 registration for traditional medicines was implemented on 1 January 1992 under the Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulation 1984, emphasizing quality, efficacy and safety (including the detection of the presence of heavy metals) in all pharmaceutical dosage forms of traditional medicine preparations.  Therefore, a total of 100 products in various pharmaceutical dosage forms of a herbal preparation, were analysed for lead content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.  Results showed that 8% (eight products) possessed 10.64-20.72 ppm of lead, and therefore, do not comply with the quality requirement for traditional medicines in Malaysia.  One of these products, M-Tongkat Ali (exhibited 10.64 +/-0.37 ppm of lead), was in fact already registered with the DCA Malaysia.  The rest, Sukarno Tongkat Ali, Eurycoma Madu, Super Pill Tongkat Ali, Force Pill Tongkat Ali, Tender Pill Tongkat Ali, Super Pill Tongkat Ali Plus and Great Pill Tongkat Ali Plus have not registered with the DCA Malaysia and exhibited 12.24-20.72 ppm of lead.  Although this study showed that only 92% of the products complied with the quality requirement for traditional medicines in Malaysia, however, they cannot be assumed safe from lead contamination because of batch-to-batch inconsistency.

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 Simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in citrus essential oils by derivative potentiometric stripping analysis.     La Pera Lara; Saitta Marcello; Di Bella Giuseppa; Dugo Giacomo    Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, University of Messina, Salita Sperone 31, Italy      Journal of agricultural and food chemistry  (2003),  51(5),  1125-9.  Journal code: 0374755.  ISSN:0021-8561.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T)  written in English.    PubMed ID 12590445 AN 2003080066    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Citrus essential oils are widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, so the determination of heavy metals content is of great importance to guarantee their quality.  The present work deals with the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in different varieties of citrus essential oils, using derivative potentiometric stripping analysis.  Two different metals extraction procedures, involving concentrated hydrochloric acid treatment and acid-alcoholic dissolution, are tested on lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, and bergamot essential oils, and they give very similar results.  Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) recovery tests spanned from 95 to 100.50%, providing evidence that metals quantification remained unaffected by the cleanup steps of the two procedures.  The repeatability of the hydrochloric acid extraction method, applied on different varieties of essential oils, is >95.00% for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II), whereas the repeatability of the acid-alcoholic dissolution method is >93.00% for Cu and Cd only in lemon oil.  Detection limits obtained for the four analytes, using both procedures, ranged from 0.10 to 0.98 ng g(-)(1) in lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, and bergamot essential oils.

 Bibliographic Information

 A study of the composition of some eye cosmetics (kohls) used in the United Arab Emirates.     Hardy A D; Sutherland H H; Vaishnav R    ITMS Section, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi campus, United Arab Emirates      Journal of ethnopharmacology  (2002),  80(2-3),  137-45.  Journal code: 7903310.  ISSN:0378-8741.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T)  written in English.    PubMed ID 12007703 AN 2002268897    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

A total of 23 kohl samples was analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).  Nineteen samples were obtained in Abu Dhabi and four in Dubai.  None of the samples were made in the United Arab Emirates.  The main component of 11 samples was found to be galena (PbS).  For the remaining 12 samples, the main component was found to be one of the following: amorphous carbon, zincite (ZnO), sassolite (H(3)BO(3)) or calcite/aragonite (CaCO(3)).

 Bibliographic Information

 Metals and arsenic in eye shadows.     Sainio E L; Jolanki R; Hakala E; Kanerva L    Consumer Agency and Ombudsman, Product Safety, Helsinki, Finland      Contact dermatitis  (2000),  42(1),  5-10.  Journal code: 7604950.  ISSN:0105-1873.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 10644018 AN 2000106834    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

The regulations relating to cosmetic products give no limit values for toxic elements such as metals or arsenic occurring as impurities in cosmetic products.  The present study of metals (lead, cobalt, nickel, chromium) and arsenic in eye shadows in 88 colors of 25 brands and 49 products provides a basis for assessing the safety of eye shadow. 66 out of 88 (75%) of the colors contained more than 5 ppm of at least one of the elements, and all 49 products contained more than one 1 ppm of at least 1 of the elements.  In one color, the amount of all elements was less than 1 ppm.  The highest levels of cobalt and nickel were 41 and 49 ppm, respectively.  These levels were high enough to cause allergic symptoms in those previously sensitized.  Furthermore, long-term exposure to such levels may probably sensitize.  The concentrations of arsenic were extremely low, 2.3 ppm at most.  The level of lead was less than 20 ppm in all products.  Accordingly, the concentrations of arsenic and lead seemed to be safe. 9 colors had concentrations of water-soluble chromium exceeding 2 ppm, and a very high level, 318 ppm, was encountered in 1 case.  The overall results indicate that eye-shadows probably have no significant systemic toxicological effects.  The groups at greatest risk are those already sensitized to the allergenic elements.  Such consumers will have difficulties in choosing suitable products, since these elements in the form of impurities are not declared in the list of ingredients.  Manufacturers should demand certification that the raw materials they buy contain no toxic elements.  Although some of the products studied were acceptable, many had excessive levels of the elements from the consumer's viewpoint.

 Bibliographic Information

 Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman.     Hardy A D; Vaishnav R; Al-Kharusi S S; Sutherland H H; Worthing M A    College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Kohd, Oman      Journal of ethnopharmacology  (1998),  60(3),  223-34.  Journal code: 7903310.  ISSN:0378-8741.  (COMPARATIVE STUDY); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 9613836 AN 1998273917    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

A total of 47 kohl samples, primarily used as traditional eye cosmetics, were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).  It was found that, of the 18 Omani-made kohls, the main component of five was galena (PbS).  Of the other 13, 12 were based on amorphous carbon and one on hematite (Fe2O3).  The remaining samples were made in other countries and were found to contain one of the following as the main component: galena, minium (Pb3O4), amorphous carbon, magnetite (Fe3O4), zincite (ZnO), calcite (CaCO3) or sassolite (H3BO3).

 Bibliographic Information

 Lead exposure in the city of Arar, Saudi Arabia.     Al-Saleh I; Mustafa A; Dufour L; Taylor A; Hiton R    Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia      Archives of environmental health  (1996),  51(1),  73-82.  Journal code: 0212627.  ISSN:0003-9896.  (CASE REPORTS); (COMPARATIVE STUDY); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 8629868 AN 1996226395    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

In follow-up to a case of lead encephalopathy, high prevalences of lead exposure (23%) and iron deficiency (60%) were found in children who lived in Arar, Saudi Arabia.  Environmental factors had minor effects on the blood lead concentrations of these children.  We concluded that traditional cosmetics and remedies were the major sources of lead exposure in this Arar population.

 Bibliographic Information

 Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner.     al-Hazzaa S A; Krahn P M    Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA      International ophthalmology  (1995),  19(2),  83-8.  Journal code: 7904294.  ISSN:0165-5701.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 8586501 AN 1996159574    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic.  It is mainly worn around the eyes in the Middle East, Asia and Africa.  The elemental composition of twenty-one kohl specimens originating from various parts of Saudi Arabia, India and the Middle East was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).  The data indicates the presence of significant lead levels in two thirds (14/21) of the kohl specimens ranging from 2.9-100% (mean 48.5%).  Other less frequent elements present in kohl preparations include aluminum, carbon, iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, silver silicon, sulfur and antimony.  Seven kohl specimens were totally lead-free, four had a lead content in the range of 2.9-34.1% and ten had lead levels in excess of 84%.  Carbon levels in excess of 60% were detected in six kohl samples.  Antimony was present in only one kohl specimen at a concentration of 7.8%.  Five western made eyeliner pencils analyzed for comparative purposes consistently revealed iron as a common constituent (mean 46%) but no lead or carbon were detected in these specimens.  The findings of this study indicate that modern kohl preparations contain a number of metals derived from natural sources in addition to carbon.  The predominance of lead in the kohl preparations tested is of major concern due to the documented adverse effects in humans and the increased susceptibility of children to lead intoxication.  Application of lead-containing kohl needs to be considered as a source of lead in evaluating patients with symptoms of lead intoxication in regions where this tradition prevails.  The documented toxic effects of lead in humans and the increased sensitivity of children to lead exposure serve to emphasize potential health risks of using traditional lead containing kohl preparations and the need for increased surveillance and regulation of the manufacture of kohl.

 Bibliographic Information

 Alkohl use in Saudi Arabia. Extent of use and possible lead toxicity.     Alkhawajah A M    Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia      Tropical and geographical medicine  (1992),  44(4),  373-7.  Journal code: 0376231.  ISSN:0041-3232.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 1295151 AN 1993198131    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

The extent of alkohl use, its lead content and blood lead levels after use were investigated.  A total of 500 individuals were interviewed.  It was observed that 233 (47%) had used alkohl.  The main purposes for its use were: eye cosmetic (66%) and eye and umbilical stump remedy (26%).  Of those who used it as an eye cosmetic, 45% applied it daily and 18% occasionally.  Sixty-five (28%) of the users experienced some type of adverse reactions.  Their mean blood lead levels was 0.99 uMol/L as compared to 0.26 uMol/L in non-users.  The majority of alkohl samples analyzed had high lead content.  Mean blood lead levels of rabbits treated with alkohl was 3.31 uMol/L.  It is recommended that the public should be educated on the possible dangers of continued alkohl use.

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 Lead poisoning from Indian herbal medicine (Ayurveda).     Comment in: Med J Aust. 1993 Feb 15;158(4):292. PubMed ID: 8426568    Dunbabin D W; Tallis G A; Popplewell P Y; Lee R A    Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Sa      The Medical journal of Australia  (1992),  157(11-12),  835-6.  Journal code: 0400714.  ISSN:0025-729X.  (CASE REPORTS); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 1454025 AN 1993086568    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of lead poisoning following ingestion of Indian herbal medicine.  CLINICAL FEATURES: A 37-year-old man presented with a history of abdominal pain, anorexia and malaise.  He had recently returned from a trip to India where he had been taking two different herbal tonics.  Investigation revealed low-grade hepatitis and normocytic anaemia with prominent basophilic stippling.  The blood lead concentration was high, and analysis of the herbal tablets revealed a very high lead content.  INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient required narcotic analgesia for abdominal pain and was treated with chelation therapy with calcium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (calcium EDTA) for five days which resulted in a high urinary excretion of lead and resolution of his symptoms over a period of several days.  CONCLUSION: Lead poisoning in Australia is usually the result of chronic industrial exposure, but practitioners should be aware of the possibility of poisoning from other domestic sources such as unglazed pottery, cosmetics and herbal remedies, especially those from Asia and India, in which lead may be present in high concentration.  Patients from Asia who present with unexplained anaemia or abdominal symptoms should be asked about exposure to such sources.

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 Is eye cosmetic a source of lead poisoning?.     Nir A; Tamir A; Zelnik N; Iancu T C    Department of Pediatrics, Lady Davis Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel      Israel journal of medical sciences  (1992),  28(7),  417-21.  Journal code: 0013105.  ISSN:0021-2180.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T)  written in English.    PubMed ID 1506164 AN 1992372316    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Kohl is a lead-containing eye cosmetic applied to many infants in Israel and in other countries in the Middle East.  Seven samples of kohl used in our region contained 17.3%-79.5% lead.  We assessed 24 kohl users and 30 non-kohl users, aged 6-16 months, for blood lead, zinc protoporphyrin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), serum iron and calcium.  Blood lead levels were significantly higher in the infants to whom kohl was applied (11.2 vs. 4.3 micrograms/dl, P less than 0.001) and were greater than 20 micrograms/dl in three of them.  In the non-kohl users, blood lead levels were significantly higher in infants whose mothers used kohl (5.2 vs. 2.8 micrograms/dl, P less than 0.02).  No significant differences were found in the other parameters.  The kohl-using infants were significantly shorter at 3-5 weeks of age (P less than 0.005) but not at the time of the study.  No significant differences were found in weight and head circumference at birth or at the time of the study between kohl-using infants and controls.  Regression analysis showed that among the analyzed variables the infant's blood lead level was related only to the use of kohl.  We conclude that application of kohl to the infant's or mother's eyes is associated with a significant increase in the infant's blood lead levels and in the minority of cases with asymptomatic lead poisoning.

 Bibliographic Information

 Kohl: a lead-hazardous eye makeup from the Third World to the First World.     Parry C; Eaton J    Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15217      Environmental health perspectives  (1991),  94 121-3.  Journal code: 0330411.  ISSN:0091-6765.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 1954922 AN 1992063915    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic.  It is mainly worn around the eyes in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.  It may be a pervasive source of lead poisoning in those areas and among individuals from those areas who have immigrated to developed nations.  Samples of kohl were purchased in Morocco, Mauritania, Great Britain, and the United States.  Some of these samples originated from Pakistan, India, and Saudi Arabia.  Kohl is widely believed to consist of antimony, but analysis consistently revealed only trace amounts of antimony.  Nine of the twenty-two samples tested contained less than 0.6% lead; however, seven samples had lead levels in excess of 50%.  The remainder ranged from 3.31 to 37.3%.  Third-world-manufactured kohls were purchased in the United States and Britain, suggesting that this hazard is no longer confined to the third world.  Those kohls that contained lead were sold in violation of laws on lead in cosmetics in both of these nations.  Third-world physicians and health care workers appear to be unaware of possible lead uptake from unsuspected traditionally used items.  Physicians in developed nations with patients from Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa need to factor in the possibility of past or present lead intake from unorthodox sources such as kohl.

 Bibliographic Information

 Lead concentrations in maternal and cord blood in women users of surma eye cosmetics.     Moghraby S A; Abdullah M A; Karrar O; Akiel A S; Shawaf T A; Majid Y A    Maternity Unit, King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia      Annals of tropical paediatrics  (1989),  9(1),  49-53.  Journal code: 8210625.  ISSN:0272-4936.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 2471445 AN 1989271696    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Abstract

A prospective study was undertaken to analyse the lead concentrations in maternal and cord blood of 71 pregnant Arab women at term who used eye cosmetics, particularly "surma".  A total of 64 mothers (90%) used eye cosmetics throughout pregnancy, and, of these, 45% used surma.  The lead content of the cosmetics available in the market was found to vary between zero and 88%.  The mean lead concentrations in all blood samples were higher than the accepted natural levels of 0.001 mumol/l, but lower than the subtoxic level of 1.9 mumol/l.  The mean lead concentration of all samples was lower than the subtoxic level of 1.9 mumol/l but higher than that quoted in the literature and suggested to be a natural level (0.001 mumol/l).  This indicates that other lead pollutants may be involved.  Lead concentrations in maternal and cord blood correlated well, but did not show any significant difference between surma and non-surma users.  None of the newborns showed apparent congenital anomalies and their birthweights were comparable to average Saudi birthweights.

 Bibliographic Information

 Identification of lead in Asian cosmetics--a test for use by health visitors.     Healy M A; Aslam M    Public health  (1984),  98(6),  361-6.  Journal code: 0376507.  ISSN:0033-3506.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 6522577 AN 1985113738    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

 Bibliographic Information

 Traditional medicine and lead-containing preparations in Nigeria.     Healy M A; Aslam M; Bamgboye O A    Public health  (1984),  98(1),  26-32.  Journal code: 0376507.  ISSN:0033-3506.  Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)  written in English.    PubMed ID 6709817 AN 1984170845    MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2009 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))