Revised 2009
 Dithizone Extraction + UV-Vis

SYNOPSIS 	Lead is selectively removed from an aqueous phase into an organic phase by a chelating agent.  The molecular electronic transition of the chelating reagent is perturbed by the presence of lead causing a UV-Vis absorption band which can be monitored.  The selectivity of the process will be monitored by difference spectroscopy in the presence of Zn2+.  Students also learn how to deconvolute a spectra to account for background absorbance. 

READINGS	Read pages 304-309 in the Critical Reviews.  Review the section on soluble lead chemistry on pages 273-279.  Attached is an article describing some of the chemistry of dithizone.  The attached article is not as complete as the Critical Reviews discussion.

Testable Skills	1.  Ability to perform a deconvolution on a set of experimental data
2.	Create a baseline subtracted standard curve
3.	Explain why UV-Vis absorption bands can be considered to be Gaussian in shape in the frequency domain. 
4.	Explain the chemistry of the dithizone method.

The Dithizone Method
	This method was the first truly sensitive measure of lead.  Adoption of its use lead to the discovery of wide spread child lead poisoning in Baltimore in the 1930s.  The method relies upon the development of a UV-Vis absorption band for a complex of lead dithizone that is resolved from the absorption bands of the unreacted dithizone. 

 Because the lead band is resolved from the complex it can be measured in the presence of the unreacted dithizone. 
	Despite the fact that the lead dithizone peak is reasonably resolved from the unreacted dithizone the absorbance measured is the sum of both reacted and unreacted dithizone:

						[1]

To get an accurate calibration curve you must subtract the absorbance contribution of the unreacted dithizone.  There are three ways to do this.  

Method 1.  The first is to create two calibration curves for the pure dithizone.  One calibration curve should be  at a wavelength that is unaffected by the presence of the lead dithizone (for example ~640-680 nm). Determine the molar absorptivity for free dithizone at this wavelength from the slope of the calibration curve and the known thickness of the cuvette (typically 1 cm). 

						[2]

 The second calibration curve should be at the wavelength at which you will measure the complex (555 nm).  Again, determine the molar absorptivity of the free dithizone at this wavelength from the slope of the calibration curve.

					[3]

Solve the two equations for the absorbance contribution from free dithizone at 555nm. 

The correct absorbance of the lead dithizone peak is then:

					[4]

Method 2.   The second method is to estimate the contribution of the unreacted dithizone by imposing a baseline on the spectra

	The absorbance of the “background” at 555 nm is estimated from the baseline value at 555 nm.  The corrected absorbance for the 555 nm peak is then:

						[5]

 Method 3

	In the third method an assumption is made that the absorbance peaks are Gaussian in shape with respect to energy.   peaks when plotted an x axis representing energy are Gaussian:

	The energy levels,
										[6]
are randomly split by temperature so that the absorption when plotted as a function of energy is randomly centered around a peak.  This is illustrated with some data that is not for dithizone or lead dithizone.

Notice that the peaks swap position on the x axis, but more importantly become distinctly more “Gaussian” in shape, and, as such, can be modeled as Gaussians. 
	In a previous lab we introduced the normalized Gaussian:
									[7]
In order to match the peak heights in this lab we use:
									[8]

In the next graph the data has been modeled as individual Guassians (dotted lines) summed.  The summed Gaussian is subtracted from the measured absorbance, the difference squared, and plotted (dashed line).  Notice that for this particular plot the sum of  squared difference is large, indicating that the estimated Gaussian fit is poor. 

In the next plot the sum of squared differences has gone very nearly to zero, indicating that a good fit has been obtained:

Once a “good” fit is obtained the contribution of each band to the signal can be taken from the individual peak heights.  In the figure above for example, the absorbance at 22 cm-1 is the sum two contributions each of which can be determined.

INSTRUMENT	HP 8452A Diode Array.

GLASSWARE	Six 100 mL volumetrics
Separatory flask
Assorted Beakers
Micropipettes, 2 mL pipette

SOLUTIONS	
	The dithizone must be made fresh on the day of use as it is unstable.  (How would you prove this to yourself?)

Wash bottle of acetone
10 mg dithizone/L Methylene chloride, CH2Cl2
	20 g of KCN diluted to 1 L in the buffer
	Buffer:	225 mL of 0.2 M sodium carbonate, 25 mL of 0.2 M sodium bicarbonate, diluted to 1000 mL. (0.2 M anhydrous sodium carbonate from 21.2 g in 1000 mL; 0.2 M anhydrous sodium bicarbonate from 16.8g in 1000 mL) results in pH 11.
	1000 ppm Pb stock solution.
	1000 ppm Zn stock solution

CAUTION!!!!!
	If you use gloves to protect your hands from the organic reagents the gloves should be free of powder as the powder will cause a false positive.  This lab was a staple (standard method)  for 40 years, but any lack of cleanliness will cause this method to fail.

PROCEDURE	

A.	Wavelength scanning.
1.	 Set the range (F2) to 400-700 nm.  Run blank (methylene chloride) (F8).
2.	Scan 2 mL of 0.001% dithizone in CH2Cl2 solution over 400nm to 700 nm.  
Set the y scale to some preset value and print.  Also, export data for further work in Excel.

		Repeat this experiment with new additions of dithizone in CH2Cl2 three times.
WHY??

3.	Add 5 ml of stock dithizone/CH2Cl2 solution to a separatory flask.  Add 100 μL of concentrated NH4OH (What is the purpose of NH4OH?) and 100 μl of 1000 ppm stock  Pb.  Shake 15-20 seconds. Measure the exact number of seconds.  Do not estimate.   One student should be shaker and should use the same shaking procedure every time. The green dithizone solution should turn "carmine" red or pink.  Remove the organic layer of the solution from bottom of separatory funnel and monitor it's absorbance from 400nm to 700 nm.  

4.	Superimpose the plots of the dithizone and the lead  and note the region where the lead chelate absorbs as compared to the free dithizone.

5.	Export and save data to an excel format.

B.	Calibration curve. 
	 For this method you should be able to get a calibration curve linear from 0.1 to 4 ppm.  You will have to make these solutions up.

1.	Place 10 mL of lead standard in separatory funnel.  Add 4 mL of dithizone solution and 10 ml of cyanide mixture.  Shake well for 1 minute.  Measure this time exactly with a second hand watch.  Allow the phases to separate.  Pull CH2Cl2 solution from bottom of separatory funnel scan between 400 and 700 nm. Export the data.

2.	Rinse the cuvette and funnel with MeOH and then acetone between samples.
3.	Repeat for the Zn standards.

C.	Background Correction for the Calibration Curve by Deconvolution

Use Excel to deconvolute the spectral data.  Deconvolution is necessary in this experiment because there will be a large amount of unreacted dithizone present which will cause the baselines to vary substantially.  If you measure the peak absorbance and plot it vs the added lead you will often get poor calibration curves because the peak absorbance contains absorbance from the un-reacted dithizone.  
	
1.	Open your data in excel..  You should have the wavelength in column A, and the absorbance in column B.  Insert a new column between A and B.  In cell b2 type the formula:  =10,000/A2  and copy down to the end of data in column A.  This represents the reciprocal of the wavelength (1/nm) which is a measure of energy.
2.	Insert 10 rows, so that the labels for the columns are in row 11.  
3.	In column D, rows 4 through 7 type the following labels: peak frequency, peak A, s.
4.	In cells E11 through J11 type the labels: band1, band2, band3, band4, sum, sqr diff.  In cell J8 type the label “sum sqr diff”.  
5.	Find your peak frequencies, and peak absorbances by plotting 1/nm vs A.  You should find a major  peak frequency of interest near 0.002 1/nm and some other peak at different locations.  
6.	Estimate the standard deviation of the peaks from the base width of the peaks. 
7.	In cells E4, E5, and E6 enter your band1 peak frequency, absorbance and standard deviation.  Do this for each of the bands you think you have.  (You may need to insert columns, if you think you have more than 4 bands).  
8.	Compute the signal contributed by band 1.  Type in cell E13
=E$5*(EXP(-0.5*(($B13-E$4)/E$6)^2))
Copy down to the end of the data, and into columns F, G, and H.  
9.	In cell E10 type the formula =max(data string for column E) to find the modeled peak absorbance.  Copy this formula into cells F10, G10, and H10.
10.	Plot your computed absorbance bands in your previous plot..
11.	In cell I13 type the Excel formula:  =sum(E13.H13) and copy down.
12.	In cell H13 type the Excel formula = (C13-I13)^2 and copy down
13.	In cell J9 type the formula to sum the entire column H.
14.	Open up “solver” in your tools tab.  
15.	In “solver” set the target cell to J9.  Solver will  start changing values in  cells $D$4:$H$7 (your estimated values of peak location, peak height and peak standard deviation for your four estimated bands) one by one to try and drive the value in cell J9 to zero.  Remember, when the value of the sum of the square of differences goes to zero then you have a perfect match between your modeled set of peaks and the experimental data.
16.	In order that solver does not wander off into finding solutions that are not plausible set “subject to constaints”  that the values you are changing are not allowed to go to negative numbers:  $D$4:$h$7>0.001
17.	The modeled peak absorbance of each of the bands can be found in cells E10 through H10.  Use the value obtained by deconvoluting the lead dithizone peak for your calibration curve.
18.	Repeat with each of the spectra obtained with lead additions. 
	
D.	Environmental Sample

If you have digested some environmental sample for analysis  procedure is the same, except that it must be adjusted for the presence of the nitric acid.  The extraction of lead into the organic phase by dithizone requires the dithizone to have lost some protons.  The pH of your 5 mL of sample extract should be adjusted to pH 10.9 (use, a pH electrode).  
If your sample absorbance is large (>2) dilute the sample.  When diluting the sample, dilute into the buffer.  Check the pH of the diluted sample and adjust to pH 10.9.

REPORT	In addition to materials, methods, and results, report:

1.	What are the figures of merit for your method and how do they compare with any of the other methods you have tried?
2.	What is the chemistry of the separation?
3.	What is the purpose of adding citrate and cyanide?
4.	Why does the pH have to be adjusted to 10.9? 
5.	What constitutes a blank in this procedure?  What are the sources of error embodied in the standard deviation of the blank?  How would you determine the source of error attributed solely to the UV-Vis spectrometer?
6.	What was the estimated time to analyze one single standard?
7.	Are there any problems with disposal of hazardous materials?
8.	Identify the chromophore in dithizone.  A chromophore is the portion of the molecule that absorbs light.  What electronic perturbation gives rise to the change in color when complexed with lead?

9.	How does deconvoluting the data to remove background or blank absorbance compare to doing a baseline subtraction?  Which do you prefer?
10.	How well resolved is the lead dithizone complex absorption peak from the unreacted dithizone peaks?
11.	Why can you treat absorption bands as Gaussian curves?
12.	What is the selectivity of the method for lead as compared to Zn?

Questions to consider if you run an environmental sample

13.	If you are using a soil or dust solution, convert the ppm of your LOD to ppm in the soil using the dilutions and measured quantities of soil used in the extraction procedure.  How does the LOD compare with the cutoff between what is considered to be contaminated and un-contaminated soils?
14.	How does sample matrix affect your results, if at all?